The Information Technology describe everything about how to operate the system and functions of the internet. It tells that technology can determine the purpose of machine that stimulate a small amount of quality. It chooses the basic of accessing the internet to window explorer. It intimidate the high speed process that avail to the connection of the computer. The computer can access in the internet through the WiFi of wired or wireless connection. It has the modem of ICANN, ISP, DSL, and many that cannot access without any error. In the internet we can use the HTTP or HTML to watch or play music by browsing the entire site. It helps us to maintain the PC by using the application software to feature the documents, database, web page, home page, and many more of the application tools.
Application Software: For Sale, for Free, or for Rent
Application Software – the subject of this chapter is software that has been developed to solve a particular problem for users-to perform useful work on specific tasks or to provide entertainment. A set of one or more programs designed to carry out operations for a specific application. Application software cannot run on itself but is dependent on system software to execute. Examples of application software include MS Word, MS Excel, a console game, a library management system, a spreadsheet system etc (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_software)
System Software – interact with computer
Commercial Software – proprietary software or packaged software that offered for sale. Commercial software, or sometimes payware, is computer software that is produced for sale or that serves commercial purposes. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_software)
copyright – exclusive legal right that prohibits copying of intellectual property without the permission of the copyright holder
software license sign a contract in which you agree not to make copies of the software to give away or resell
site license – software to be used on all computer at a specific location
concurrent-use license – certain number of copies of the software to be used st the same time
multiple-user license – specifies the number of people that may used the software
single-user license – limits software use to one user at a time
Public-domain software – not protected by copyright and thus may be duplicated by anyone at will. Public domain software is software that is not protected by a copyright and so there is no particular owner or the author has given up ownership rights, leaving the software available for everyone for use. (http://www.yourdictionary.com/public–domain–software)
Shareware – copyrighted software that is distributed free of charge but requires that users make a monetary contribution, or pay a registration fee, to continue using it. a type of proprietary software which is provided to users for a certain limited trial basis and pursuant to a license which restricts any commercial benefit, use or exploitation of the software. While there may not be an initial up-front payment, the license pursuant to which the software is provided limits and restricts usage and typically restricts any distribution for commercial purposes and is often limited by any combination of functionality, availability (it may be functional for a limited time period only), or convenience (the software may present a dialog at startup or during usage, reminding the user to purchase it; “nagging dialogs“). Shareware is often offered as adownload from an Internetwebsite or as a compact disc included with a magazine. Shareware is a portmanteau word combining share and software. The rationale behind shareware is to give potential users the opportunity to try out the program on a limited basis for a limited time and judge its usefulness before purchasing a license for the full version of the software. Firms with superior software thus have an incentive to offer samples unless their product is already well known, or if they do not want to be listed in direct competition with other products on shareware repositories. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareware)
Freeware – copyrighted software that is distributed free of charge. software that is available for use at no monetary cost, but with one or more restricted usage rights such as source code being withheld or redistribution prohibited.Freeware is in contrast to commercial software, which is typically sold for profit, but might be distributed at no cost for a business or commercial purpose in the aim to expand the market share of a “premium” product. According to the Free Software Foundation, “freeware” is a loosely defined category and it has no clear accepted definition, although FSF says it must be distinguished from free software (libre).Well known examples of closed-source freeware include Adobe Reader and Skype. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware)
Rentalware – a software that users lease for a fee and download whenever they want it.
Abandonware – supports by its publisher. Computer software (such as an operating system , word processor, interactive game, or audio file) that is no longer marketed or distributed by the company that created it, but is obtainable from some other source. Some popular products that have been at least temporarily abandoned include NeXT Step, the operating system for the NEXT computer; Open Step, its successor; and many interactive games that were replaced by more sophisticated products. In some cases, a company or Web site gets permission from the creator to distribute the abandoned program; but sometimes they don’t. To use abandonware that you download, you often need a license string that the software recognizes as entitling the user to install it. In this case, the downloading site provides a license string that is known to work. (http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/abandonware)
Custom software – created by software engineers and programmers. A computer program or Web site written specifically for your company, according to your company’s way of doing business. The opposite of custom software is off-the-shelf software, also known as pre-packaged or pre-written software. (http://www.datacorp.net/custom_software.html)
Tutorials & Documentation
Tutorials – an instruction book or program that helps you learn to use product by taking you through a prescribed series of steps. a method of transferring knowledge and may be used as a part of a learning process. More interactive and specific than a book or a lecture; a tutorial seeks to teach by example and supply the information to complete a certain task. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutorial)
Documentation – information that describes a product to users, including a user guide or reference manual that provides a narrative and graphical description of a program. a set of documents provided on paper, or online, or on digital or analog media, such as audio tape or CDs. Example are user guides, white papers, on-line help, quick-reference guides. It is becoming less common to see paper (hard-copy) documentation. Documentation is distributed via websites, software products, and other on-line applications. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentation)
A Few Facts About Files+& the Usefulness of Importing & Exporting
Named collection of data
program that exists in a computer’s secondary storage
Document files – created by word processing programs and consist of documents such as reports, letters, memos, and term paper
Worksheet files – created by electronic spreadsheets and usually consist of collections of numerical data such as budgets, sales forecasts, and schedules
Database files – created by database management programs and consist of organized data that can be analyzed and displayed in various useful ways
Importing – defined as getting data from another source and then converting it into a format compatible with the program in which you are currently working. Computers.tobring(documents,data,etc.)intoonesoftware programfromanother. (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/import)
Exporting – defined as transforming data into a format that can be used in another program and then transmitting it
Types of Application Software
Productivity software – a word processing programs, spreadsheets, and database managers whose purpose is to make users more productive at particular tasks
Microsoft Office examples: Word, Excel, and Access-word processing, spreadsheet, and database programs, respectively
Specialized software: presentation graphics, financial, desktop-publishing, drawing and painting, video/audio editing, project management, computer-aided design,and web page design software
Common Features of Software
User interface – the user-controllable display screen that allows you to communicate, or interact, with the computer
Special-purpose keys – are used to enter, delete, and edit data and to execute commands. A keyboard key that is used to perform functions such as launching a specific application, opening a folder or playing music or videos. Special function keys are added to many keyboards to provide shortcuts for widely used tasks. (http://www.yourdictionary.com/special-function-key)
Function keys – labeled “F1,” “F2,” and so on, are positioned along the top or left side of the keyboard. They are used to execute commands specific to the software being used. the industrial design field of human–machine interaction, is the space where interactions between humans and machines occur. The goal of this interaction is effective operation and control of the machine on the user’s end, and feedback from the machine, which aids the operator in making operational decisions. Examples of this broad concept of user interfaces include the interactive aspects of computer operating systems, hand tools, heavy machinery operator controls, and process controls. The design considerations applicable when creating user interfaces are related to or involve such disciplines as ergonomics and psychology.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface)
Macros – keyboard shortcut, is a single keystroke or command-or a series of keystrokes or commands-used to automatically issue a longer, predetermined series of keystroke or commands
pointer appears as an arrow , although it changes shape depending on the application. the mouse is used to little symbols, or icon
Desktop – the system’s main interface screen, displays pictures (icons) that provide quick access to programs and information. The desktop is the primary user interface of a computer. When you boot up your computer, the desktop is displayed once the start up process is complete. It includes the desktop background (or wallpaper) and icons of files and folders you may have saved to the desktop. In Windows, the desktop includes a task bar, which is located at the bottom of the screen by default. In Mac OS X, the desktop includes a menu bar at the top of the screen and the Dock at the bottom.(http://www.techterms.com/definition/desktop)
Icons and rollovers:
Icons – small pictorial figures that represent program, data file, or procedures
Rollover – a small text box explaining mouse pointer over the icon.
Menus:
menu – offers you a list of option
pull-down menu – a list of options that pulls down from the menu bar at the top of the screen
cascading menus – fly back to the left or explode out to the right
pull-up menu – list of options that pulls up from the menu bar at the bottom of the screen
pop-up menu – list of command options that can “pop up” anywhere on the screen when you click the right mouse button
Documents, Title Bars, Menu Bars, Toolbars, Taskbars, & Windows (Small “w”)
Title bar: runs across the very top of the display window and shows the name of the folder you are in
Menu bar: shows the names of the various pull-down menus available
Toolbar: below the menu bar, displays menus and icons representing frequently used options or commands
Taskbar: the bar across the bottom of the desktop screen that contains the Start and that appears by default
Windows: a rectangular frame on the computer display screen. Through this frame you can view a file data-such as a document, spreadsheet, or database-or an application program
The Help Command
Help command – a command generating a tale of contents, an index, and a search feature that can help you locate answers. In computing, help is a command in various command line shells such as COMMAND.COM, cmd.exe, 4DOS/4NT, Windows Power Shell, Bash, Singularity shell, Python and GNU Octave. It provides online information about available commands and the shell environment. It is analogous to the Unix man command.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HELP_(command))
Word Processing
Word processing software – allows you to use computers to create, edit, format, print, and store text material. writing, editing, and production of documents, as letters, reports, and books, through the use of a computer program or a complete computer system designed to facilitate rapid and efficient manipulation of text.(dictionary.reference.com/browse/word+processing)
Creating Documents
Cursor – movable symbol on the display screen that shows you where you may next enter data or commands
Scrolling – moving quickly upward,downward, or sideways through the text or other screen display
Word wrap – automatically continues text to the next line when you reach the right margin
Editing Documents
Insert and delete
Insert – adding to the document
Delete – act of removing text
Find and replace
Find – allows you to find any word, phrase, or number that exists in your document
Replace – automatically replace it with something else
Cut/copy and paste:
Copy or cut – command to move it to the clipboard
Spelling checker – which tests for incorrectly spelled words
Thesaurus – which will present you with the appropriate word or alternative words
Formatting Documents with the Help of Templates & Wizards
Formatting – determines the appearance of a document
Template – a preformatted document that provides basic tools shaping a final document
Wizard – answers your question and uses the answers to lay out and format a document
Font – typeface and type size
Spacing and columns – single-spaced or double-spaced
Margins and justification – left, right, top, and bottom
Headers, footers, and page numbers:
Header – printed at the top of every page
Footer – printed at the bottom of every page
Other formatting – borders, shading, tables, and footnote
Default settings – automatically used by a program unless the user specifies otherwise, thereby overriding them. computer science, refers to a setting or a value automatically assigned to a software application, computer program or device, outside of user intervention. Such settings are also called presets, especially for electronic devices.(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Default_(computer_science))
Saving documents
Saving – storing, or preserving, a document as an electronic file permanently.
Spreadsheets
Spreadsheet – allows users to create tables and financial schedules by entering data and formulas into rows and columns arranged as a grid on a display screen. computer application program for organization and analysis of data in tabular form. Spreadsheets developed as computerized simulations of paper accounting worksheets. The program operates on data represented as cells of an array, organized in rows and columns. Each cell of the array is a model–view–controller element that can contain either numeric or text data, or the results of formulas that automatically calculate and display a value based on the contents of other cells. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreadsheet)
The Basics: How Spreadsheets Work
Labels – are any descriptive text that identifies categories
Columns and rows meet
Cell – a place where column and row intersect
Cell address – position
Range – a group of adjacent cells
Cell pointers – where data is to be entered
Formulas, functions, recalculation, and what-if analysis
Formulas – instructions for calculations; they define how one cell relates to other cells
Recalculation – the process of recomputing values
What-if analysis – allows the user to see how changing one or more numbers changes the outcome of the recalculation
Using worksheet templates
Worksheet template – custom-designed for particular work
Multidimensional – link one spreadsheet to another
Analytical Graphics: Creating Charts
Analytical graphics – business graphics, are graphical forms that make numeric data easier to analyze than when it is organized as rows and columns of number
Database Software
Database – a collection of interrelated files in a computer system. designed software applications that interact with the user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. A general-purpose DBMS is a software system designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases. Well-known DBMSs include MySQL, MariaDB, PostgreSQL, SQLite, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, SAP HANA, dBASE, MongoDB, FoxPro, IBM DB2, LibreOffice Base, FileMaker Pro, Microsoft Access andInterSystems Caché. A database is not generally portable across different DBMSs, but different DBMSs can interoperate by using standards such as SQL and ODBC or JDBC to allow a single application to work with more than one database. There are different types of database, some of them are as follows: Operational Database, Specific Database, External Database, Hypermedia Database (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database)
Database software – a program that sets up and controls the structure of a database and access to the data. a business information system and provides file creation, data entry, update, query and reporting functions. The traditional term for database software is “database management system” (see DBMS). (http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/40883/database–program)
The Basics: How Databases Work
How a relational database is organized-tables, record, and fields:
Relational database – which data is organized into related tables
How various records can be linked-the key:
Key – called key field, sort key, index, or keyword
Field – used to sort data
Finding what you want-querying and displaying records
Sorting and analyzing records and applying formulas
Putting search result to use-saving, formatting, printing, copying, or transmitting
Personal Information Managers
Personal information manager (PIM) – a software that helps you keep track of and manage information you use on a daily basis,such as addresses, telephone numbers, appointments, to-do lists, and miscellaneous notes. a desktop computer or PDA, PIM software is a program that enables you to take the daily stream of information that comes across your desk and organize it in a manner that suits your personal style, e.g. appointments, weekly meeting reminders, to do lists, etc. (http://www.bitpipe.com/tlist/Personal–Information–Management-Software.html)
Specialty Software
Presentation Graphics Software
Use graphics, animation, sound, and data or information to make visual presentation. tools that let people make slideshows of charts, diagrams and graphics on the computer that can be show to a group using a projector. (http://www.yourdictionary.com/presentation–graphics–software)
Using templates to get started
Getting assistance on content development and organization
Dressing up your presentation
Financial software
Financial software – a growing category that ranges from personal-finance manager to entry-level accounting programs to business financial-management packages. typically described as any type of computersoftware designed to help individuals or corporations manage finances and business ledger and other accounting needs. (http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/F/financial_software.html)
personal-finance managers – keep track of income and expenses, write checks, do online banking, and plan financial goals
Tracking of income and expenses
Checkbook management
Reporting
Income tax
Desktop Publishing (DTP)
mixing text and graphics to produce high-quality output for commercial printing, using a microcomputer and mouse, scanner, laser or ink-jet printer, and DTP software. DTP software is used to arrange text and graphics into professional looking publications which can then be printed out. A word processing package is generally used to deal with large quantities of text, whereas aDTP package allows you much more flexibility with the layout of text and graphics. (http://www.teach-ict.com/as_a2_ict_new/ocr/AS_G061/313…/pg3.htm)
Mix of text with graphics
Varied type of layout styles
Use of files from other programs
Drawing & Painting Programs
Drawing programs – graphics software that allows users to design and illustrate objects and products. A graphicsprogram that enables you to draw pictures, then store the images in files, merge them into documents, and print them. Unlike paint programs, which represent images as bit maps, draw programs use vector graphics, which makes it easy to scale images to different sizes. In addition, graphics produced with a draw program have no inherent resolution. Rather, they can be represented at any resolution, which makes them ideal for high-resolution output.(http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/draw_program.html)
Video – allows import to and video footage on computer
Editing – allows import to and editing of sound files on PC
Project Management Software
A program used to plan and schedule the people, costs, and resources required to complete a project on time
Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
Programs intended for the design of products, structures, civil engineering drawings, and maps
Computer-aided design/manufacturing (CAD/CAM) – Software allows products designed with CAD to be input into an automated manufacturing system that makes the products. the use of computer software to control machine tools and related machinery in the manufacturing of work pieces. This is not the only definition for CAM, but it is the most common;CAM may also refer to the use of a computer to assist in all operations of a manufacturing plant, including planning, management, transportation and storage. Its primary purpose is to create a faster production process and components and tooling with more precise dimensions and material consistency, which in some cases, uses only the required amount of raw material (thus minimizing waste), while simultaneously reducing energy. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_manufacturing)
Web Page Design/Authoring Software
Used to create web pages with sophisticated multimedia features
Computer Technology – the activity of designing and constructing and programming computers. Its a programmable, mutiuse machine that accepts data-raw facts and figures-and processes, or manipulates, it into information we can use (http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=computer%20technology)
Communication Technology – Information and communications technology is often used as an extended synonym for information technology, but is a more specific term that stresses the role of unified communications and the integration of telecommunications, computers as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware. It also called telecommunications technology, consists of electromagnetic devices and systems for communicating over long distances.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology)
Online – using a computer or some other information device, connected through a network, to access information and services from another computer or information device.
The Telephone Grows Up
In 1973, the first cellphone call was invented. The user can make calls for more than 45 calls a day and it has the sign of * and # were added to the keypad. They introduced computer to cellphone in their discussion that they first made is the new smartphones then it became to Toshiba, Treo, Sanyo, and Kyocera. They added World Wide Web in the cellphone to send and receive email to anyone or make calls or text each other. The web has everything in it that it can research, translate, or get information about sports, weather, or even helpful tips. The phone and computer has a special program data that can connect each other to convert into one mechanics.
“You’ve Got Mail!” Email’s Mass Impact
In 1981 the email became the most popular of the year that reaches over 10 million users. No technology has ever done so fast and surprisingly good about this.
Electronic mail, most commonly referred to as email or e-mail since ca. 1993, is a method of exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients. Modern email operates across the Internet or other computer networks. Some early email systems required that the author and the recipient both be online at the same time, in common with instant messaging. Today’s email systems are based on a store-and-forward model. Emailservers accept, forward, deliver, and store messages. Neither the users nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously; they need connect only briefly, typically to a mail server, for as long as it takes to send or receive messages. Historically, the term electronic mail was used generically for any electronic document transmission. For example, several writers in the early 1970s used the term to describe fax document transmission.As a result, it is difficult to find the first citation for the use of the term with the more specific meaning it has today.
An Internet email message consists of three components, the message envelope, the message header, and the message body. The message header contains control information, including, minimally, an originator’s email address and one or more recipient addresses. Usually descriptive information is also added, such as a subject header field and a message submission date/time stamp.
Originally a text-only (ASCII) communications medium, Internet email was extended to carry, e.g. text in other character sets, multi-media content attachments, a process standardized in RFC 2045 through 2049. Collectively, these RFCs have come to be called Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME). Subsequent RFCs have proposed standards for internationalized email addresses using UTF-8.
Electronic mail predates the inception of the Internet and was in fact a crucial tool in creating it, but the history of modern, global Internet email services reaches back to the earlyARPANET. Standards for encoding email messages were proposed as early as 1973 (RFC 561). Conversion from ARPANET to the Internet in the early 1980s produced the core of the current services. An email sent in the early 1970s looks quite similar to a basic text message sent on the Internet today.
Email is an information and communications technology. It uses technology to communicate a digital message over the Internet. Users use email differently, based on how they think about it. There are many software platforms available to send and receive. Popular email platforms include Gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo! Mail, Outlook, and many others.
Network-based email was initially exchanged on the ARPANET in extensions to the File Transfer Protocol (FTP), but is now carried by the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), first published as Internet standard 10 (RFC 821) in 1982. In the process of transporting email messages between systems, SMTP communicates delivery parameters using a message envelope separate from the message (header and body) itself.
The Internet, the World Wide Web, & the “Plumbing of Cyberspace”
The cyberspace was coined by William Gibson and wrote a novel Neuromancer that describe futuristic computer network. Cyberspace – encompasses not only the online world and the internet in the particular but also the whole wired and wireless world of communications in general. “The notional environment in which communication over computer networks occurs.”[1] The term was first used in science fiction and cinema in the 1980s, was adopted by computer professionals and became a household term in the 1990s. During this period, the uses of the internet, networking, and digital communication were all growing dramatically and the term “cyberspace” was able to represent the many new ideas and phenomena that were emerging. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberspace)
Internet – “mother of all network” is a worldwide computer network that connects hundreds of thousands of smaller networks. These networks link educational, commercial, nonprofit, and military entities, as well as individuals. a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link several billion devices worldwide. It is an international network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government packet switched networks, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertextdocuments and applications of the World Wide Web (WWW), the infrastructure to support email, and peer-to-peer networks for file sharing and telephony. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet)
World Wide Web – “the multimedia part of the internet” usually called simply the “web” -an interconnected system of internet computers (called servers) that support specially formatted documents in multimedia form. An information system on the Internet that allows documents to be connected to other documents by hypertext links, enabling the user to search for information by moving from one document to another. System of interlinked hypertext documents that are accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia and navigate between them via hyperlinks. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web)
The E-World & Welcome to It
In the American over 165.2 million use internet for using the letter “e” as in e-business, e-shopping, and e-commerce. According to the American researcher the teenager use TRU (Teenager Research Unlimited) to show what teens what they want to choose for the internet brands.
The “All-Purpose Machine”: The Varieties of Computers
All Computers, Great & Small: The Categories of Machines
Supercomputer – high-capacity machines with thousands of processors that can perform more than several trillion calculations per second. A computer at the frontline of contemporary processing capacity – particularly speed of calculation which can happen at speeds of nanoseconds. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputer)
Mainframe computers – water or air cooled computers that cost 5,000 dollars to 5 millions dollars and vary in size from small, to medium, to large, depending on their use. are computers used primarily by corporate and governmental organizations for critical applications, bulk data processing such as census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning and transaction processing. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computer)
Terminal – has a display screen and a keyboard and can input and output data but cannot by itself process data.
Workstations – expensive, powerful personal computers usually used for complex scientific, mathematical, and engineering calculations and for computer-aided design and computer-aided design manufacturing. A type of computer used for engineering applications(CAD/CAM), desktop publishing, software development, and other types of applications that require a moderate amount of computing power and relatively high quality graphics capabilities. (http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/W/workstation.html)
Microcomputer – personal computers(PCs), which cost 500 dollars to 5,000 dollars, can fit next to a desk or in a desktop or can be carried around. A small, relatively inexpensive computer with a microprocessor as its central processing unit (CPU). It includes a microprocessor, memory, and input/output (I/O) facilities. Microcomputers became popular in the 1970s and 80s with the advent of increasingly powerful microprocessors. The predecessors to these computers, mainframes and minicomputers, were comparatively much larger and more expensive (though indeed present-day mainframes such as the IBM System zmachines use one or more custom microprocessors as their CPUs). Many microcomputers (when equipped with a keyboard and screen for input and output) are also personal computers (in the generic sense). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcomputer)
microcontroller – embedded computers, are the tiny, specialized microprocessor installed in “smart” appliances and automobiles
Several types of microcomputers:
Desktop PCs – microcomputers whose case or main housing sits on a desk, with keyboard in front and monitor (screen) often on top
Tower PCs – microcomputers whose case sits as a “tower,” often on the floor beside a desk, thus freeing up desk surface space
Notebook computers – laptop computers, are lightweight portable computers with built-in monitor, keyboard, hard disk drive, battery, and AC adapter that can be plugged into an electrical outlet; they weigh anywhere from 1.8 to 9 pounds
Personal digital assistants (PDAs) – handheld computers or palmtops, combine personal organization tools-schedule planners, address books, to-do lists-with the ability in some cases to send email and faxes
Servers
Server or network server, is a central computer that holds collections of data (database) and programs for connecting or supplying services to PCs, workstations, and other devices, which are called clients. These clients are linked by a wired or wireless network. The entirer network is called a client/server network.
a running instance of an application (Software) capable of accepting request from the client and give response accordingly. Servers can run on any computer or dedicated computer, which is also often referred to as “the server”, In many cases, a computer can provide several services and have several servers running. The advantage of running servers on dedicated computer is security. For this reason most of the servers are daemon processes and designed by the designers in such a way that it can run on specific computer(s).
Servers operate within a client-server architecture. Servers are computer programs running to serve the requests of other programs, theclients. Thus, the server performs some tasks on behalf of clients. The clients typically connect to the server through the network but may run on the same computer. In the context of Internet Protocol (IP) networking, a server is a program that operates as a socket listener.[1]
Understanding Your Computer: How Can You Customize Your Own PC?
How Computers Work: Three Key Concepts
First :
Data – consists of the raw facts and figures that are processed into information. Facts or information used usually to calculate, analyze, or plan something. (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/data)
Information – data that has been summarized or otherwise manipulation for use in decision making. Information (shortened as info or info.) is that which informs, i.e. that from which data can be derived. Information is conveyed either as the content of a message or through direct or indirect observation of some thing. That which is perceived can be construed as a message in its own right, and in that sense, information is always conveyed as the content of a message. Information can be encoded into various forms for transmission and interpretation. For example, information may be encoded into signs, and transmitted via signals. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information)
Second:
Hardware – consists of all the machinery and equipment in a computer system. Hardware is a comprehensive term for all of the physical parts of a computer, as distinguished from the data it contains or operates on, and the software that provides instructions for the hardware to acoomplish tasks. The boundary between hardware and software is slightly blurry – firmware is software that is “built-in” to the hardware, but such firmware is usually the province of computer programmers and computer engineers in any case and not an issue that computer users need to concern themselves with. (http://www.openprojects.org/hardware-definition.htm)
Software – programs, consists of all the electronic instructions that tell the computer how to perform a task. It is a generic term for organized collections of computer data and instructions, often broken into two major categories: system software that provides the basic non-task-specific functions of the computer, and application software which is used by users to accomplish specific tasks. (http://www.openprojects.org/software-definition.htm)
Third:
Input – whatever put in to a computer
Processing – the manipulation a computer does to transform data into information
Storage operation :
Primary storage – internal computer circuitry that temporarily holds data waiting to be processed
Secondary storage – refers to the device and media that store data or information permanently
Output – whatever is output from the computer system-the result of processing, usually information
Communications operation
Input Hardware: Keyboard & Mouse
Keyboard – an input device that converts letters, numbers, by the processor. As the name implies, a keyboard is basically a board of keys. Along with the mouse, the keyboard is one of the primary input devices used with a computer. The keyboard’s design comes from the original typewriter keyboards, which arranged letters and numbers in a way that prevented the type-bars from getting jammed when typing quickly. This keyboard layout is known as the QWERTY design, which gets its name from the first six letters across in the upper-left-hand corner of the keyboard. (http://www.techterms.com/definition/keyboard)
Mouse – a nonkeyboard input device (“pointing device”) that is used to manipulate objects viewed on the computer display screen. a hand-operated electronic device that controls the coordinates of a cursor on your computer screen as you move it around on a pad; on the bottom of the device is a ball that rolls on the surface of the pad; “a mouse takes much more room than a trackball”. (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/computer+mouse)
Processing & Memory Hardware” Inside the System Cabinet
Case and power supply: known as the system unit, the case or system cabinet is the box that houses the processor chip (CPU), the memory chips, and the motherboard with power supply, as well as some secondary storage devices
Processor chips – (CPU central processing unit) a tiny piece of silicon that contains millions of miniature electronic circuits
Memory chip – (RAM random access memory) chips, represent primary storage, or temporary storage; they hold data before processing and information after processing, before it is sent along to an output are storage device. A memory chip is an integrated circuit made out of millions of capacitors and transistors that can store data or can be used to process code. Memory chips can hold memory either temporarily through random access memory (RAM), or permanently through read only memory (ROM). Read only memory contains permanently stored data that a processor can read but cannot modify. Memory chips comes in different sizes and shapes. Some can be connected directly while some need special drives. Memory chips are essential components in computer and electronic devices in which memory storage plays a key role. (http://www.techopedia.com/definition/27619/memory-chip)
Motherboard – also called system board, the motherboard is the main circuit board in the computer. If you ever open your computer, the biggest piece of silicon you see is the motherboard. Attached to the motherboard, you’ll find the CPU, ROM, memoryRAM expansion slots, PCI slots, and USB ports. It also includes controllers for devices like the hard drive, DVD drive, keyboard, and mouse. Basically, the motherboard is what makes everything in your computer work together. (http://www.techterms.com/definition/motherboard)
Storage Hardware: Floppy Drive, Hard drive, & CD/DVD Drive
Floppy-disk and Zip drives:
Floppy-disk drive – storage device that stores data on removable 3.5 inch diameter diskettes. is a hardware device that reads data storage information. It was invented in 1967 by a team at IBM and was one of the first types of hardware storage that could read/write a portable device. FDDs are used for reading and writing on removable floppy discs. Floppy disks are now outdated, and have been replaced by other storage devices such as USB and network file transfer. (http://www.techopedia.com/definition/24861/floppy-disk-drive-fdd)
Zip-disk drive – a storage device that stores data on removable flopp-disk cartridges with 70-170 times the capacity of the standard floppy. A high-capacity floppy disk drive developed by Iomega Corporation. Zip disks are slightly larger than conventional floppy disks, and about twice as thick. They can hold 100 or 250 MB of data. Because they’re relatively inexpensive and durable, they have become a popular media for backing uphard disks and for transporting large files. (http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/Z/Zip_drive.html)
Hard-disk drive – a storage device inside the computer case that stores billions of characters of data on a nonremovable disk platter. a data storage device used for storing and retrieving digital information using rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic material. An HDD retains its data even when powered off. Data is read in a random-access manner, meaning individual blocks of data can be stored or retrieved in any order rather than sequentially. An HDD consists of one or more rigid (“hard”) rapidly rotating disks (platters) with magnetic heads arranged on a moving actuator arm to read and write data to the surfaces. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive)
CD (compact-disk)/DVD (digital video-disk) drive or – a storage device that uses laser technology to read data from optical disks
Output Hardware: Video & Sound Cards, Monitor, Speaker, & Printer
Peripheral device – any component or piece of equipment that expands a computer’s input, storage, and output capabilities
Video card – converts the processor’s output information into a video signal that can be sent through a cable to the monitor
Sound card – enhances the computer’s sound-generating capabilities by allowing sound to be output through speakers
Monitors – the display device that takes the electrical signals from the video card and forms an image using points of colored light on the screen
Speakers – devices that play sounds transmitted as electrical signals from the sound card
Printer – an output device that produces text and graphics
Communications Hardware: Modem
Modem – a standard modem is a device that sends and receives data over telephone lines to and from computers
Software
System software – helps the computer perform essential operating tasks and enables the application software to run
Application software – enables you to perform specific tasks-solve problems, perform work, entertain yourself
Where Is Information Technology Headed?
Three Directions of Computer Development: Miniaturization, Speed, & Affordability
Three Directions of Communucations Development: Connectivity, Interactivity, & Multimedia
Connectivity – refers to the connection of computers to one another by a communications line in order to provide online information access and/or the sharing of peripheral devices
Interactivity – refers to two-way communication; the user can respond to information he or she receives and modify what a computer is doing
Multimedia – refers to technology that presents information in more than one medium-such as text, pictures, video, sound, and animation-in a single integrated communication
When Computers & Communications Combine: Convergence, Portability, & Personalization
Convergence – describes the combining of several industries through various devices that exchange data in the format used by computers
Portability – portability or mobility, meant trading off computing power and convenience in return for smaller size and weight
Personalization – the creation of information tailored to your preferences
“E” Also Stands for Ethics
Ethics – set of moral values or principles that govern the conduct of an individual or a group. An area of study that deals with ideas about what is good and bad behavior : a branch of philosophy dealing with what is morally right or wrong. (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ethic)
Speed and scale
Unpredictability
Complexity
Have a strategy for what you memorize and what you don’t
Learn how to make your personal “multitasking” efficient
Be aware that “smart mobs” could also be dumb mobs
Choosing Your Internet Access Device & Physical Connection: The Quest for Broadband
Bandwidth – an expression of how much data- text,voice, video, and so on-can be sent through a communications channel in a given amount of time. Bandwidth describes the maximum data transfer rate of a network or Internet connection. It measures how much data can be sent over a specific connection in a given amount of time. For example, a gigabit Ethernet connection has a bandwidth of 1,000 Mbps, (125 megabytes per second). An Internet connection via cable modem may provide 25 Mbps of bandwidth. (http://www.techterms.com/definition/bandwidth)
Baseband – one signal at a time. Baseband refers to the original frequency range of a transmission signal before it is converted, or modulated, to a different frequency range. For example, an audio signal may have a baseband range from 20 to 20,000hertz. When it is transmitted on a radio frequency (RF), it is modulated to a much higher, inaudible, frequency range. (http://www.techterms.com/definition/baseband)
Kbs (kilobits per second) – 1 thousands bits per second. A measurement of peripheral data transfer or network transmission speed. The correct abbreviation is “b” for bits and “B” for bytes; however, “b” and “B” are often interchanged. See space/time, Mbps and Gbps. (http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/45740/kbps)
Mbps (megabits per second) – 1 million bits per second. Stands for “Megabits Per Second.” One megabit is equal to one million bits or 1,000 kilobits. While “megabit” sounds similar to “megabyte,” a megabit is roughly one eighth the size of a megabyte (since there are eight bits in a byte). Mbps is used to measure data transfer speeds of high bandwidth connections, such as Ethernet and cable modems. (http://www.techterms.com/definition/mbps)
Gbps (gigabits per second) – 1 billion bits per second. Stands for “Gigabits per second.” 1Gbps is equal to 1,000 Megabits per second (Mbps), or 1,000,000,000bits per second. Gbps is commonly used to measure data transfer speeds between hardware devices. (http://www.techterms.com/definition/gbps)
Download – transmission of data from a remote computer to a local computer. This is the process in which data is sent to your computer. Whenever you receive information from the Internet, you are downloading it to your computer. For example, you might have to download an upgrade for your computer’s operating system in order to play a new game (especially if you’re using Windows). Or you might download a demo version of a program you are thinking about buying from the software company’s Web site. The opposite of this process, sending information to another computer, is called uploading. (http://www.techterms.com/definition/download)
Upload – the transmission data from a local computer to a remote computer. To move or copy (a file, program, etc.) from a computer or device to a usually larger computer or computer network. (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/upload)
Telephone (Dial-Up) Modem: Low Speed but Inexpensive & Widely Available
Modem – a device that sends and receives data over telephone line to and from computers. The word modem is actually short for Modulator/Demodulator. (There’s something you can really impress your friends with). A modem is a communications device that can be either internal or external to your computer. It allows one computer to connect another computer and transfer data over telephone lines. The original dial-up modems are becoming obsolete because of their slow speeds and are being replaced by the much faster cable and DSL modems. (http://www.techterms.com/definition/modem)
High-Speed Phone Lines: More Expensive but Available in Most Cities
ISDN (integrated service digital network) – consists of hardware and software that allow voice, video, and data to be communicated over traditional copper-wire telephone lines. A set of communication standards for simultaneous digitaltransmission of voice, video, data, and other network services over the traditional circuits of the public switched telephone network. It was first defined in 1988 in the CCITT red book.[1] Prior to ISDN, the telephone system was viewed as a way to transport voice, with some special services available for data. The key feature of ISDN is that it integrates speech and data on the same lines, adding features that were not available in the classic telephone system. There are several kinds of access interfaces to ISDN defined as Basic Rate Interface (BRI), Primary Rate Interface (PRI), Narrowband ISDN (N-ISDN), and Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network)
DSL (digital subscriber line) – use regular phone lines, a DSL modem and special technology to transmit data in megabits per second. It is medium for transferring data over regular phone lines and can be used to connect to the Internet. However, like a cable modem, a DSL circuit is much faster than a regular phone connection, even though the wires it uses are copper like a typical phone line. (http://www.techterms.com/definition/dsl)
T1 line – essentially a traditional trunk line that carries 24 normal telephone circuits and has a transmission rate of 1.5 Mbps.
Cable Modem: Close Competitor to DSL
Cabel Modem – connects a personal computer to a cable-TV
Wireless Systems: Satellite & Other Through-the-Air Connection
Satellite:
Communication satellite – a space station that transmits radio waves called microwave from earth-based stations. Often abbreviated as comsat, a communications satellite is a satellite that has been stationed in space for the purpose of providing telecommunications. Communications satellites are commonly used for mobile phone signals, weather tracking, or broadcasting television programs. Communications satellites are artificial satellites that relay receive signals from an earth station and then retransmits the signal to other earth stations. They commonly move in a geostationary orbit. (http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/communications_satellite.html)
3G and 4G – Third generation and fourth generation
Choosing Your Internet Service Provider (ISP)
ISP (internet service provider) – a company that connects you through your communications line to its servers, or central (host) computer, which connect you to the internet via another company’s network access point. An organization that provides services for accessing, using, or participating in the Internet. Internet service providers may be organized in various forms, such as commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider)
AOL (american online)
MSN (nicrosoft network)
earthlink
At&T WorldNet
How Does the Internet Work?
Internet network that connects hundreds of thousands of smaller networks
POP (point of presence) – Its collection of modems and equipment in a local area. The user, when subscribing to an ISP, is given local telephone numbers for the ISP’s POP. So, when the user connects to the ISP, the POP acts as a local gateway to the ISP’s network. An Internet point of presence is an access point to the Internet. It is a physical location that houses servers, routers, ATM switches and digital/analog call aggregators. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_of_presence)
Backbone – high-speed, high-capacity transmission line that use the newest communications technology to transmit data across the internet
IP (internet address) – every computer o the internet consist of four sets of numbers between 0 and 255. The Internet Protocol is one of the elements that define the Internet. The dominant internetworking protocol in the Internet Layer in use today is IPv4; the number 4 is the protocol version number carried in every IPdatagram. IPv4 is described in RFC 791 (1981). The successor to IPv4 is IPv6. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol)
TCP/IP, the /Internet Society, & ICANN
Protocol – a set of conventions (standard on rules), that govern the format of data transmitted electronically. A protocol (from the Greek protocol on, which was a leaf of paper glued to a manuscript volume, describing its contents) is the special set of rules that end points in a telecommunication connection use when they communicate. (http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/protocol)
TCP/IP (transmission control protocol/internet protocol) – protocol that enables all computers to use data transmitted on the internet. The name used to define the complete set of protocols that moves data across the Internet.(http://www.e-traffik.com/resource-center.html)
ICANN (internet corporation for assigned names and numbers) – was estblished to regulate human friendly domain names-those addresses ending with .com, .org, .net, and so on, that overlie IP addresses and identity. A nonprofit organization that is responsible for the coordination of maintenance and methodology of several databases of unique identifiers related to the namespaces of the Internet, and ensuring the network’s stable and secure operation.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN)
Sending & Receiving Email
Email Software & Careers
Get email program as part of other computer software
Get email software as part of your ISP packages
Get free email services
Buy email softwae
Instant Messaging
Instant nessaging (IM) – any user on a given email system can send a message and have it POP up instantly on the screen of anyone else logged onto that system. a set of communication technologies used for text-based communication between two or more participants over the Internet or other types of networks. IM–chat happens in real-time. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messaging)
Window – a rectangular area containing a document or activity.
Security
Lacks of privacy
common standard
time wasters
Mailing Lists: Email-Based Discussion Groups
Listerv – is an automatic mailing-list server that sends to subscribers who regularly participate in discussion topics. registered trademark licensee, L-Soft International, Inc., as LISTSERV) has been used to refer to a few early electronic mailing list software applications, allowing a sender to send one email to the list, and then transparently sending it on to the addresses of the subscribers to the list. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LISTSERV)
Netiquette: Appropriate Online behavior
netiquette or network etiquette – appropriate online behavior
FAQ (frequently asked question) – explain expected norms of online behavior for a particular group
Avoid flaming – writing an online message that use derogatory, obscure, or inappropriate language
Don’t shout
Be careful with jokes
Avoid sloppiness, but avoiding criticizing others sloppiness
Spam – unsolisticated email, or junk mail, in the form of advertising or chain letters. Spam is most often considered to be electronic junk mail or junk newsgroup postings. Some people define spam even more generally as any unsolicited email. However, if a long-lost brother finds your email address and sends you a message, this could hardly be called spam, even though it is unsolicited. Real spam is generally email advertising for some product sent to a mailing list or newsgroup. (http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/spam.html)
Delete without opening the message
Never reply to a spam mesage
Enlost the help of your ISP or use a spam filters.
Fight back
The World Wide Web
Multimedia form
Use of hypertext
Hypertext – a system in which documents scateered across many internet sitesare directly linked-with hyperlinks-so that word or phrase in one document becomes a connection to a document in a different pllace. a computer display or other electronic devices with references (hyperlinks) to other text which the reader can immediately access, or where text can be revealed progressively at multiple levels of detail (also called StretchText). The hypertext pages are interconnected by hyperlinks, typically activated by a mouse click, keypress sequence or by touching the screen. Apart from text, hypertext is sometimes used to describe tables, images and other presentational content forms with hyperlinks. Hypertext is the underlying concept defining the structure of the World Wide Web,[1] with pages often written in the Hypertext Markup Language (aka HTML). It enables an easy-to-use and flexible connection and sharing of information over the Internet. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext)
Hypertext markup language (HTML) – set of special instructions (called “tags” of “markups”) that are used to specify document structure, formatting, and links to other multimedia documents.HTML tags most commonly come in pairs like <h1> and </h1>, although some tags represent empty elements and so are unpaired, for example <img>. The first tag in a pair is the start tag, and the second tag is the end tag (they are also called opening tags and closing tags). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML)
Home page – or welcome page, which identifies the website and contains links to other pages at the site. A home page is generally the first page a visitor navigating to a website from a search engine will see, and may also serve as a landing page to attract the attention of visitors.The home page is used to facilitate navigation to other pages on the site, by providing links to important and recent articles and pages, and possibly a search box.[2][3] For example, a news website may present the headlines and first paragraphs of top stories, with links to the full articles, in a dynamic web page that reflects the popularity and recentness of stories.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_page)
Getting around-back, forward, home, and search features
History lists
Bookmarks or favorites
Interactivity – hyperlinks, radio buttons, and fill-in text boxes
Scrolling and frames
Scroll arrows – small up/down and left/right and left/right arrows
Scrolling – clicking on scroll arrows with you mouse pointer moves the screen so that you can see the rest of the web page, a movement
Frame – an independently controllable section of a web page
Looking at two pages simultaneously
Web Portals: Starting Point For Finding Information
Web portal – a type of gateway website email offers a broad array of resources and weather, stock quotes, travel information, and links to other popular subject categories. a website that functions as an entry point to the Internet, as by providing useful content and linking to various sites and features on the World Wide Web. (dictionary.reference.com/browse/portal)
When you log on a portal you can do three things:
Check the home page for general information
use the directories to find a topic you want
use keyword to search for a topic
Four types of Search Engines: Human-Organized, Computer-Created, Hybrid, & Metasearch
Search Engines – When you use a keyword to search for a topic, you are using a piece of software. Search engines are programs that search documents for specified keywords and returns a list of the documents where the keywords were found. A search engine is really a general class of programs, however, the term is often used to specifically describe systems like Google, Bing and Yahoo! Search that enable users to search for documents on the World Wide Web. (http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/search_engine.html)
Human-organized search sites
Computer-created search sites
Hybrid search sites
Metasearch sites
Tips for Smart Searching
Choose you search terms well, and watch your spelling
Use phrases with quotation marks rather than separate words
Put unique words first in a phrase
Use operators-AND, OR, NOT, and 1 and 2 sign
Use wildcards
Multimedia on the Web
Plug-in – also called a player or a viewer-is a program that adds a specific features to a browser, allowing it to play or view certain files. a software component that adds a specific feature to an existing software application. When an application supports plug-ins, it enables customization. The common examples are the plug-ins used in web browsers to add new features such as search-engines, virus scanners, or the ability to utilize a new file type such as a new video format. Well-known browser plug-ins include the Adobe Flash Player, the QuickTime Player, and the Java plug-in, which can launch a user-activated Java applet on a web page to its execution a local Java virtual machine. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_(computing)
Developing multimedia-apples, Java, and Visual Studio,NET
Applets – small programs that can be quickly downloaded and run by most browsers. any small application that performs one specific task that runs within the scope of a dedicated widget engine or a larger program, often as a plug-in.The term is frequently used to refer to a Java applet, a program written in the Java programming language that is designed to be placed on a web page. Applets are typical examples of transient and auxiliary applications that don’t monopolize the user’s attention. Applets are not full-featured application programs, and are intended to be easily accessible. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applet)
Java – a complex programming language that enables programmers to create animated and interactive web pages. Java is a programming language expressly designed for use in the distributed environment of the Internet. It was designed to have the “look and feel” of the C++ language, but it is simpler to use than C++ and enforces an object-oriented programming model. (http://searchsoa.techtarget.com/definition/Java)
Text and image
Animation – a rapid sequencing of still images to create the appearance of motion. the process of creating motion and shape change illusion by means of the rapid display of a sequence of static images that minimally differ from each other. The illusion—as in motion pictures in general—is thought to rely on the phi phenomenon. Animators are artists who specialize in the creation of animation. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation)
Video (streaming video) – the process of transferring data in a continuous flow so that you can begin viewing a file even before the end of the file is sent. Streaming video is content sent in compressed form over the Internet and displayed by the viewer in real time. (http://searchunifiedcommunications.techtarget.com/definition/streaming-video)
Audio (streaming audio) – allowing you to listen to the file while the data is still being downloadable to your computer
Push Technnology & Webcasting
Push technology – software that automatically downloads information to your computer. Push technology is a relatively new means for automating the delivery of news and information to computer “desktops” on the Internet and on internal organizational intra- nets. (http://www.library.ca.gov/crb/97/notes/V4n6.pdf)
Webcasting – customized text, video, and audio are sent to you automatically on a regular basis. a media presentation distributed over the Internet using streaming media technology to distribute a single content source to many simultaneous listeners/viewers. A webcast may either be distributed live or on demand. Essentially, webcasting is “broadcasting” over the Internet. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcast)
The Internet Telephone & Videophone
Internet telephony – using the net to make phone calls; either one to one or for audio conferring. Another term for IP telephony and VoIP. In the late 1990s, some people made a distinction between Internet Telephony and VoIP: Internet telephony referred to voice over the public Internet, while VoIP referred to voice over private IP networks. (http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/45260/internet–telephony)
The Online Gold Mine: More Internet Resources
FTP (file transfer protocol) – a method whereby you can connect to a remote computer called an FTP site anf transfer files to your own microcomputer’s hard disk via TCP/IP over the internet. The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used to transfer computer files from one host to another host over a TCP-based network, such as the Internet. FTP is built on a client-server architecture and uses separate control and data connections between the client and the server. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol)
Telnet – to connect to remote computer. A protocol that runs on top of TCP/IP and allows you to connect to remote computers on the internet by using a user name and a password and to run programs on those computers.Telnet is a network protocol used to provide a command line interface for communicating with a device. (http://pcsupport.about.com/od/termstz/g/telnet.htm)
Newsgroup – for online typed discussions on specific topics:
Usenet – a worldwide public network of servers that can be accessed through internet. a worldwide distributed Internet discussion system. It was developed from the general purpose UUCPdial-up network architecture. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet)
newsreader – program included with most browsers that allows you to access a newsgroup and read or type message
Real-time chat – typed discussions among online participants
Real-time chat (RTC) – participants have a typed discussion (“chat”) while online at the same time. Real-time communications (RTC) is any mode of telecommunications in which all users can exchange information instantly or with negligible latency. In this context, the term “real-time” is synonymous with “live.” (http://searchunifiedcommunications.techtarget.com/definition/real-time-communications)
Blogs – keeping journals, or web logs-called blogs for short-accessible to other uses. a discussion or informational site published on the World Wide Web and consisting of discrete entries (“posts”) typically displayed in reverse chronological order. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog)
Relationships – online match making
Education – the rise of distance learning
Distances learning – the name given to online education programs
Health – patient self-education
Entertainment – amusing yourself
E-commerce – e-commerc (electronic commerce)- conducting business activitiesonline
Auction – linking individuals buyers and sellers
Online Finance – trading, banking, and e-money
Online job hunting
B2B commerce (business to business) – electronics sales or exchange of goods and services directly between companies, cutting out traditional intermediaries
Common Features of Software
Specialty Software
Choosing Your Internet Access Device & Physical Connection: The Quest for Broadband
How Does the Internet Work?
Sending & Receiving Email
The World Wide Web
e-mac 